Mostly this is due to the Cold War period false history writing of the Soviet Union, which carried on to the "offcial" Russian interpretation of the war.

Whereas the 1939-1940 Winter War aggression against Finland had been left out of the school books of USSR, the massive Soviet war-initiating air raid against 18 Finnish cities on June 25, 1941 - accompanied by artillery and infantry attacks -, continues to be over-looked in Russia today, while officially Finland is still being blamed for having been the aggressor and for having started the Continuation War.

An additional cause for confusion are the concessions which the Finns made in 1947, despite of their defensive victory in the war which had ended three years before.

The Finns succeeded in keeping the enemy behind the nations' border and in saving Finland as an independent and sovereign nation. They prevented the take-over attempts of USSR, launched by two major offensives, one initiating the Winter War on November 30, 1939, and the other initiating the Continuation War on June 25, 1941.

Of all nations warring in Europe during WW2, west from USSR and besides England, the Finnish capital was the only one never to be occupied by enemy.

Furthermore, whereas all other European nations bordering USSR ended up either becoming part of it or were forced to becoming it's satellites following WW2 - the aim of Joseph Stalin -, Finland, despite of its longest border with USSR, continued as a sovereign democracy throughout WW2, and beyond.

USSR - on the other hand - fell far from its objective, conquering Finland, a goal set forth in Moscow on August 23, 1939, by signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between USSR and Germany. Two days before, Stalin had spelled out his plan to the Soviet State Duma.

To rescue Finland's second largest city from destruction in the war's end, and to take the fighting to the nearby rural areas instead, the Finns had executed a strategic abandonment of the city of Viipuri in only a few hours on June 20, 1944. The day’s fighting in Viipuri was brought to a halt by 16:40, leaving only 120 Finns dead or missing in action (Eeva Tammi, 2006).

Following the abandonment of Viipuri, all the war’s nine final major battles were victorious for the Finns. Furthermore, ever since the start of the Continuation War, the Soviets had not been able to cross the preceding - 1940 - Finnish-Soviet border during the entire war, except for a short-lived moment in the final major battle in Ilomantsi, in 1944, where the Red Army ended up suffering a devastating loss, when two of its divisions were fully decimated and shattered, as the Soviets were pushed back.

A narrow, but massive, Soviet spearhead had been stopped earlier by the Finns in the Battle of Tali-Ihantala, on the Karelian Isthmus. On nearly all battle fronts, the Finns were deep on the Soviet soil at the war's end. Of the territory eventually ceded to USSR, the Red Army had won only a fraction in battles. Thus, from the military point of view, Finland had won the war.

Yet, if Finland were to be portrayed as an ally of Germany - an aim of the post-WW2 propagandist history interpretation adobted by KGB -, Finland indeed could be viewed to have been on the losing side of WW2.

However, the Finnish-Soviet Continuation War was not even a part of WW2, when scrutinized against the most commonly accepted definition of WW2 as the war waged between the Allied powers and the Axis powers. Finland was not a member of either alliance, and it's Continuation War was not a part of the war fought between the two alliances.

Differing from German WW2 war efforts, Finland's war time struggles between 1939 and 1944 were defensive by nature and - accordingly - based on entirely different objectives from those of Germany's.

In the spring of 2005, the President of Finland Tarja Halonen stated in a speech in Paris: "For us World War II meant a separate war against the Soviet Union."

In the Presidential Forum VIII held in Helsinki on November 19, 2008, Halonen commented on that statement by saying: "I still believe that the speech described - and still does - the Finns’ feelings about the matter."

"Professor Ohto Manninen continued to regard the ”separate war” as a perfectly good term." "Finland’s relationship with other countries was crucial - not the relations between Finland and Germany, Manninen explained."

"He also pointed out that the Soviet Union tried to conclude peace separately with Finland already in the winter of early 1944. Furthermore, even the United States regarded the war between Finland and the Soviet Union as a separate conflict." (Quotes from Helsingin Sanomat, 20.11.2008)

"A separate peace with Finland was discussed at the summit meeting of the three major powers in Teheran on December 1, 1943. Roosevelt spoke in favour of Finland, and so did Churchill, even though Britain had declared war on Finland in December 1941. Stalin admitted that “a people that had fought so valiantly for its independence deserves consideration”." (News, 9/23/2004, Embassy of Finland, Washington)

In the U.S. State Department report on the Allied leaders' Tehran Conference, held between November 28 and December 1, 1943, the 'Minister in Finland to the Secretary of State' Schoenfeld makes the following notion on November 30, 1943:

"The "separate war" would imply the possibility of a separate peace." (page 99)

On November 30, 2008, the Editor in Chief Janne Virkkunen of the Helsingin Sanomat - Finland's largest daily newspaper - stated in the paper's editorial section the following:

"Finland's official policy remains that Continuation War was a separate war."

To save themselves from the destiny of their Baltic neighbors, the Finns had been left with no other choice following the Winter War, but to begin preparing themselves for a renewed Soviet attack.

It quickly dawned on the Finns that - unless a miracle were to happen - a rapidly approaching renewed Soviet invasion was inevitable and unavoidable, as the Soviets persisted in presenting more radical demands to the Finns, surrendering to which would have meant a disaster for Finland.

Following the Winter War, the Soviets launched a campaign to manipulate the Finnish political decision making processes, including the naming of the highest ranking Finnish government officials. What the Soviets had not been able to gain in the battles of the Winter War, they now tried to achieve during the truce, without firing a bullet.

The Red Army continued building up forces and constructing numerous air fields by Finland's border, same time committing countless border violations against Finland.

Additionally, the Soviets began demanding control of some strategically vital parts of the Southern Finnish railroads and pressuring Finland to rapidly complete the Salla railroad in Lapland, which led from the Soviet Union through Finland to Sweden. According to recently published (Manninen, 2008) WW2-period Soviet documents, the Salla railway played an essential part in the Soviet plan to attack westward in the summer of 1941.

A quote from Marshal Mannerheim's 'Memoirs':

"The railroad construction that had started by the Soviets on the fall of 1939 proceeded rapidly. The most important stretches of the railroad, Petroskoi-Suojärvi, Louhi-Kiestinki ja Rutši-Salla were completed in a few months' time. To the last-mentioned stretch alone, over 100'000 forced labor workers were stationed. These railroad stretches were supported by 15 strategic roads for motor vehicles.

On approximately 200 kilometers wide boundary behind the border, airports were being built, the number of which was later concluded to be as many as 90."

At this point, all the Baltic countries as well as Norway and Denmark had become occupied by either the Nazis or the Soviets. Finland's supply routes were now sealed from all sides. Even theoretically, Germany was now the only possible source of arms for the Finnish defense.

Thus, the Finns were forced to agree to a limited level of cooperation with the Germans. Yet, no military alliance pact was ever signed, and all the Nazis' key proposals for military cooperation were turned down.

Like in Sweden, the Germans were given passage right through Finnish territory, but no direct German attacks against the Soviets were allowed from any Finnish soil, unless the Soviets were to attack Finland first.

On June 23, 1941, Molotov made no mentioning of Germans being in Finland or of any Finnish-German deal made, Mannerheim's 'Memoirs' points out.

This was in the line with the fact, that they were the Soviets themselves that had forced Finland to take the first step aside from its neutrality, when the Soviets had demanded passage rights to Hanko (dangerous for Finland, as Helsinki was on the route, allowing the Soviets a chance for a surprise attack).

"Instead, he (Molotov) focused again in accusing Finland of an attack, which had not happened. The Soviet leadership had decided to draw Finland to a war." ("Memoirs", Mannerheim)

Following the Soviet war-opening attack against Finland on June 25, 1941, the Nazis were permitted to operate through Northern Finland, but the Finns kept the Nazis away from the critical Southern Finnish battle fronts, where the Finns froze their counter offensive - saving Leningrad in the process - and permitted the Allied supply lines to operate uninterrupted.

Many scholars believe that Mannerheim's refusal to attack Leningrad ultimately saved the city, because a coordinated German-Finnish attack launched in September, 1941, would have overwhelmed the Soviet defenses (Robert Jackson, Battle of the Baltic, The wars 1918–1945, 2007)

By its strategy, the Finnish Defence Forces did not only deny a huge victory from the Nazis in Leningrad, but also allowed the Red Army to release its forces to further south where they were desperately needed. In a big way, what the Finns did - and what they didn't do - effected the course of WW2 in a critical way, and quite possibly even the final outcome of it as well.

Instead, in multiple ways the Finns - de facto - greatly contributed to the Allied war efforts in their battle against the Axis. The Finns refused to cooperate with the Nazis in many critical areas and kept distance from them for instance by:



• not signing the Tripartite Pact, also called the Axis Pact, which established the Axis Powers of World War II;

• not allowing direct German attacks from the Finnish soil against the Soviet Union during the Interim Peace period;

• not accepting the approximately 80 000 elite German soldiers offered to be placed under command of Marshal Mannerheim;

• not agreeing to attack the Soviet Union, unless/until the Soviet Union would attack Finland first;

• not cooperating in the siege of Leningrad;

• not cutting the Allied "lifeline", which was operated over Lake Ladoga to bring desperately needed supplies to the defenders of Leningrad;

• not cutting down the Murmansk railroad, used for delivering massive amounts of Allied weapons and other supplies to the Soviets;

• not attacking any same major targets as the Germans (during the 1944 Soviet summer offensive, German air support was given to the Finns in the south, however);

• not handing Finnish Jews to the Nazis. The Finnish Jews participated in the Finnish war efforts just like all other Finnish citizens;

• not denying the right of asylum from over 500 Jewish refugees (eight were denied however).

• not declaring war against any other Allied countries except Soviet Union, which attacked Finland;

• not ending secret high level falks between the US Embassy in Helsinki and the Finns - etc.

"The Soviet Union does not even try to deny its own initiative in the launching of the massive offensive. In contrary, it is being emphasized. The question who started has been solved: The Soviet Union admits in an official publication to have started the air raid in Finland and the Nordic."

On June 25, 1941, the Soviets lauched a major offensive against Finland. During the following weeks and months the Red Army was gradually pushed back east by the Finnish counter offensive.

The Soviet military infrastructure, air fields and all other support systems by or near the Finnish border were destroyed or captured, to prevent their usage for further attacks against Finland and to block the Soviet take-over of Finland.

The Finns brought their counter offensive to a halt on lines which they saw best fitting for the defending of Finland against further Soviet aggressions, until terms for peace could negotiated. For Finland's protection, mostly these defensive lines had to be on the Soviet side of the border.

However, for the protection of the Soviets against the Nazis, on some areas the Finns did not cross the border to the Soviet side.

On September 11, 1941, the US ambassador Arthur Schoenfeld was informed that the offensive on the Karelian Isthmus was halted at the pre- Winter War border (with a few "straightened curves" at the municipalities of Valkeasaari and Kirjasalo), and that under no conditions would Finland participate in an offensive against Leningrad, but would instead maintain a static defense and wait for a political resolution.

The Foreign Minister of Finland Rolf Witting stressed to Schoenfeld that Germany, however, should not hear of this. Many scholars believe that Mannerheim's refusal to attack Leningrad ultimately saved the city, because a coordinated German-Finnish attack launched in September, 1941, would have overwhelmed the Soviet defenses (Robert Jackson, Battle of the Baltic, The wars 1918–1945, 2007).

During the following approximately two and a half years' trench war period, the Finns stayed still on these defensive lines and held back from interrupting the major Allied supply line over the Murmansk railroad binging in matriel meant to assist the Soviet fight against the Nazis. However, in the Soviet hands the Allied weapons imported ended up being used against the Finns as well. Nevertheless, the Finnish strategy remained not to interfear with the allied war against the Nazis.

On the northeast side of huge Lake Ladoga, the Finns stopped their counter-offensive on the level of the River Svir - Syväri in Finnish -, a tributary to Lake Ladoga, thus not assisting the Nazis to achieve a full encirclement around the city of Leningrad. Importantly, this also allowed the so called "life line" of the Allies to operate freely over Lake Ladoga, delivering critically needed suplies to the Soviets in Leningrad, during the 900 days' Nazi siege of the city.

The Continuation War was not a part of the war fought between the Axis powers and the Allied powers, and Finland was not a part of either group.

Starting the next year after the ending of the Winter War, the continued Soviet take-over attempt of Finland lasting from 1941 to 1944 - named Continuation War - was a part of the failed Soviet master plan to conquer entire Europe.

The Continuation War was a part of a continued defensive struggle of the Finns against a continued Soviet take-over attempt of Finland, launched by - or continued by - a massive Soviet attack against Finland on June 25, 1941.

The Soviet master plan for the European conquest did not end up unreeling in practice the way it had been designed on the Soviet drawing boards.

Nevertheless, the end result was a quite good one for the Soviets. Although the Nordic nations and many other nations intended to be invaded never became occupied by the Soviets - largely thanks to the brilliant maneuvering of the Finnish leaders -, much of Europe did end up under the Soviet control for decades.

An average Soviet soldier was not aware of what the true intentions of the Soviet leaders were and what he and she were really fighting for. What the Soviet fighters up to a high level were let to believe, was a very twisted picture, quite the opposite of the real truth.

That twisted picture was deeply embedded to the post-WW2 Soviet citizens as well, and the systematic false history writing has had a lasting effect up to date in the modern-day Russia. On the western side, the true Soviet plans were not realized either at the time of WW2.

The Soviet Union had prepared to attack westward in July, 1941, with the largest armed forces in history. The plan was called Groza. Stalin was certain that the Nazi Germany would not attack inside the Soviet Union. However, the Nazi Germany did attack first. This prevented the Soviet intension from ever materializing.

Now, seven decades later, a large part of the archives relating to the status of the Soviet Union on June 21, 1941, is closed to historians and reserchers. What is there to hide - perhaps the Soviet plan for the period after Europe would have been conquered ?

Known historians specialing in the WW2 period Soviet affairs who have shown in writing that in their view the Soviet intention to attack westward was real include - but are not limited to - the following:

• Sampo Ahto, colonel • Fritz Becker, historian • Lev Bezymenskin, professor • Tatjana S. Bushujeva, historian • V. Danilov, historian • Juri L. Djakov, historian • Juri Gorkov, historian • Tapani Havia, professor • Joachim Hoffman, historian • Daniel C. Holtrop, historian • Heinz Magenheimer, historian • Ohto Manninen, professor • Mihail Meltjuhov, historian • V. A. Nevezhinin, historian • Erkki Nordberg, colonel • I. V. Pavlova, historian • Edvard Radzinski, historian • Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, historian • Russel Stolfi, professor • Wolfgang Strauss, historian • Ilmari Susiluoto, professor, PhD • Viktor Suvorov, former Soviet spy • Tapio Tiihonen, historian • Ernst Topitsch, historian.

From Josif Stalin's speech, May 5, 1941:

"But now that we have modernisized our army, acquired weapons technology required for modern warfare, now that we have become strong - now we must move on from defense to attack.

As we were improving our nation's defense, we gave up attacking. We shall now move from defensive to offensive war politics. It is necessary for us to renew our educational work, propaganda, agitation and print in offensive spirit.

The Red Army is a modern army - but, it must be remembered, that a modern army is an army of attack."

"We have become strong, and we can now begin accomplishing things by more active approach. The wars in Poland and Finland were not defensive wars. We already have started on the road of attacking politicks."

"In 1995, a new print of the memoirs of Marshal Georgi Zhukov was published. ... Zhukov gives a very unembellished picture of how strictly Stalin prohibited all defensive preparations."

Nevertheless, the Soviet determination and intention to occupy Finland could not be stopped in the end by anything else but guns. The Soviet archives opened and documents published during the post-Soviet period confirm that the Soviet intention to invade Finland in 1941 was very thoroughly pre-planned.

The massive June 25, 1941, Soviet attack against Finland was to be the first stage of a much larger offensive against many European states to follow (Ohto Manninen, 2008). Finland was planned to be over-taken in an even faster tempo that had been intended in the Winter War.

However, by August, 1944, it had become clear to all that Finland could not be invaded militarily. The Finns had pushed the Red Army back behind the nations' border and had held it there until the war's end.

On the Leningrad sector, the final showdown had to be fought on the Finnish side of the pre-WW2 Finnish-Soviet border, because the border here ran along the outskirts of Leningrad, and because Marshal Mannerheim had given strict orders for the Finns to stay out of the city.

On June 17, 1944, before the anticipated summer offensive of the Red Army, Finnish General Oesch - with Mannerheim's approval - made a final decision about a defensive line, where the Finnish troops would be withdrawn to on this sector and where the Red Army would be stopped.

Using delaying tactics, the Finnish army on the Leningrad sector was now withdrawn to this defensive line, according to the plan. Although the Soviet offensive turned out to be extremely fierce, this defensive line - known as the VKT-line - proved impenetrable, despite the unprecedented Soviet fire power which included an artillery bombardment in the Battle of Tali-Ihantala unlike never seen before.

After suffering a loss in the Battle of Tali-Ihantala, not before, the Soviets began withdrawing Red Army divisions - what was left of them - from the Finnish front, to be joined with the Allied forces now advancing towards Berlin.

After the Continuation War, the Finns had a war against the Nazis, who had to be chased out of Finland next.

By the end, Finland had done all that was necessary to protect its citizens and land against the overwhelming odds, fighting against both the Soviets and the Nazis, while staying friends with the Americas who sponsored the Soviet war machine but kept open their embassy in Helsinki throughout the entire WW2.

While the Continuation War was still going on, Finland made it clear that it will not sign an unconditional peace treaty with USSR. Accordingly, Finland's peace treaty became a conditional and a separate treaty from that forced to the Axis powers, which was an unconditional treaty and meant a total surrender.

Unlike Nazi leaders, many of whom were sentenced to death, Mannerheim was named the President of Finland on August 4, 1944, before the end of the Continuation War. He remained in office until March 4, 1946, when he resigned and retired - 19 months after the Continuation War had ended.

Finland had won the war - in only way a defensive war can be won - by a defensive victory.

In his book about the battles on the Finnish front, 'Bitva za Leningrad, 1941-1944' (Битва за Ленинград / "The Battle of Leningrad, 1941-1944") - published in the Soviet Union -, the Soviet General S.P. Platonov admits and confirms the Finnish defensive victory and the outcome of the massive Soviet summer offensive against the Finns in 1944 - page 178:

"The repeated offensive attempts of the Soviet forces failed ... to gain results. The enemy succeeded in significantly tightening its ranks in this area and in repulsing all attacks of our troops ...

... During the offensive operations, lasting over three weeks, from June 21 to mid-July, the forces of the right flank of the Leningrad front failed to carry out the tasks assigned to them on the orders of the Supreme Command, issued on June 21."